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instructional material
Microbial fermentation is a widely used biotechnological process in which microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi convert organic substrates into desired products, often under anaerobic conditions. During microbial fermentation, these microorganisms break down sugars and other organic materials, producing valuable by-products such as alcohol, acids, enzymes, and pharmaceuticals. This process is essential in various industries, including food production, biofuel development, and medicine. The efficiency of microbial fermentation can be influenced by factors like temperature, pH, and nutrient availability, which are carefully controlled to maximize yield and ensure high-quality products.